Bohr and Heisenberg
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Article about the friendship between Bohr and Heisenberg by Konrad Kleinknecht (in German).
Einstein and Heisenberg
Einstein and Heisenberg
The Controversy Over Quantum Physics
Table of Contents
1. Einstein’s Youth
1.1 The cemetery at Buchau
1.2 The Family in Ulm and Munich
1.3 Student at the Luitpold Gymnasium, Munich
1.4 Einstein in Aarau and Zürich
1.5 Expert at the Bern patent office
2. Heisenberg’s Youth
2.1 Heisenberg’s Background
2.2 School days in Würzburg and Munich
2.3 The youth movement
2.4 Studies with Sommerfeld
2.5 Heisenberg in Göttingen and Copenhagen
3. The Wonder Years
3.1 The Calm Before the Storm of Ideas
3.2 Einstein’s annus mirabilis
3.3 Professor at Zürich, Prague, and again in Zürich
3.4 The General Theory of Relativity, and Berlin
3.5 Heisenberg’s Breakthrough to Quantum Mechanics
3.6 The Completion of the New Quantum Theory
4. Consequences of the Discoveries
4.1 The Fifth Solvay Conference, 1927
4.2 Effect of the General Relativity Theory
4.3 Teaching and Promoting
4.4 Effects of Quantum Mechanics
5. Ouster and the War Years
5.1 Einstein and Germany
5.2 Einstein’s Pacifism, the Bomb and the Franck Report
5.3 Heisenberg, the War Years, and the Uranium Club
6. Elective Affinities
7. Religion and the Ordering of Reality
8. The Role of Music
9. The Late Years
9.1 Einstein—the Philosopher in Princeton and his “Unified Field Theory”
9.2 Heisenberg—the Government Advisor in Göttingen and Munich; Reconstruction, Theory of Everything
9.3 The Final Meeting, 1954
10. Glossary
11. Bibliography
12. Index
Preface
The physics of the twentieth century rests on two foundational pillars. At the beginning of the century, our place in the universe, the origin and evolution of the cosmos, and the meaning of space and time were consolidated by Albert Einstein into a new and revolutionary picture in a relativity theory described mathematically. Thereby, he predicted a great many heretofore unknown cosmic phenomena that, in the course of time, have been discovered empirically: deflection of light in a gravitational field, black holes, stretching of time in high-velocity objects, gravitational waves, and others. Shortly thereafter, in subjecting classical physics similarly to a revolutionary transformation, Werner Heisenberg was able to explain the behavior of the smallest building blocks of matter. With his quantum mechanics, he opened up for us the world of the submicroscopic constituents of matter, atoms, atomic nuclei, and elementary particles. It also permitted description of the physical attributes of molecules, chemical bonds, crystals, solid state, and semiconductors and is thus the foundation of modern computer technology. Heisenberg’s discovery of the uncertainty principle has far-reaching consequences for the philosophy of nature and epistemology.
These two great scholars both grew up in Munich and attended school there, and both were lovers of music. Along with their commonalities, though, there were also significant differences in their modes of thought. Einstein held that a physical theory must predict events precisely according to the rules of causality. By contrast, from the phenomena in the atomic domain, Heisenberg concluded that a theory can only describe possible processes and their probabilities.
Einstein left us no autobiography; he felt such books were products either of narcissism or expressions of hostility toward his fellow man. So, we must restrict ourselves in understanding his life to his correspondence and to biographies. Particularly authentic in this regard are the descriptions by his friend Philipp Frank, written in German between 1939 and 1941 in the United States. Since Einstein himself contributed a foreword to this book in 1942, it may be regarded as authorized. The Einstein estate is held at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and since 1987, his collected works in several volumes have been published by Princeton University Press.
Heisenberg, on the other hand, has given us a fascinating narrative of his life in his Physics and Beyond, which also describes his scientific breakthroughs. Additionally, two volumes of his letters to his parents and to his wife have been published. Through the agency of the Heisenberg Society, the balance of his papers has been transferred to the Archive of the Max Planck Society in Berlin; the scientific correspondence with his friend Wolfgang Pauli resides in the Pauli Archive in Geneva. His scientific papers, as well as his more generally accessible writings, are available in The Complete Works, published by Springer and Piper.
I wish to thank Ms. Barbara Blum-Heisenberg for providing the illustrations relevant to Werner Heisenberg and for conversations about his relation to music. Professor Hans A. Kastrup drew my attention to Albert Einstein’s letter to the writer and philosopher Eric Gutkind concerning religion. For the translation of the German book to English, I am indebted very much to Tom Artin, New York. Thanks to Maury Solomon and Hannah Kaufman for editing the book and for their ever-friendly and constructive collaboration.
München, Germany, August, 2018
Konrad Kleinknecht